Regarding this, a surge of combined therapy with immunotherapy or nanomedicine to boost the immune responses, is accessible. Nevertheless, the local operation manner dictates the limited immune responses of these physical treatment methods. These means are anticipated to address the above side effects that conventional treatment methods encountered and realize the objective expectations because they, as the general method, can exert the potent anti-tumor actions without dependence on the type, site, and malignancy degree of cancers. Typically, some clinically-common physical treatment approaches such as ultrasound (US) treatment including sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation, microwave ablation (MWA), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) featuring non-invasive and minimally-invasive penetration are receiving increasing attention.
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Differing from conventional treatment methods that suffer from a series of side effects, physical treatments featuring high efficiency, high specificity, and low side effects are urgently expected and acquire significant breakthroughs in repressing tumor progression and reducing the recurrence and metastasis rates. This review offers general guidance or directions to enhance clinical physical treatment from the perspectives of immunity activation or magnification.Ĭancer is still one of the major human health burdens and greatly endangers human life. Moreover, the enhanced physical treatment efficiency against tumor progression, relapse, and metastasis via activating or potentiating the autologous immunity or combining with exogenous immunotherapeutic agents is exemplified, and their rationales are analyzed.
This review systematically introduces the cutting-edge progress and direction of nanobiotechnologies and their corresponding nanomaterials. Especially after combining with clinical immunotherapy, the anti-tumor killing effect by activating or enhancing the human anti-tumor immune system is reached, enabling the effective prevention against tumor recurrence and metastasis.
Intriguingly, nanomedicine provides a powerful platform as they can elevate energy utilization efficiency and augment oncolytic effects for mitigating ITM and potentiating the systematic immune responses. However, the activated immune responses are inadequate and incompetent for tumor recession, and the incomplete thermal ablation even aggravates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), resulting in the intractable tumor recurrence and metastasis.
Independent of tumor type and non-invasive or minimally-invasive feature, current physical treatments including ultrasound therapy, microwave ablation (MWA), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are widely used as the local treatment methods in clinics for directly killing tumors and activating systematic immune responses.
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